Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. VERSE 2. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history, but not a part of Scripture. they made themselves uncircumcised. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. Ps 119:89-90). While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. Maccabees , (fl. Book of Daniel. 1:9). That is, men of Israel came forth. These translations have no copyright restrictions. Omissions? VERSE 55. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. 1 and 2 Maccabees reflect on this question in slightly different ways. Judas, nicknamed Maccabeus, probably meaning "hammer," continues his military exploits and also seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. Although the author of the first book devotes a lot of space to wars and political intrigues extending over a period of forty years, his primary purpose is a religious one. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. They will not sin in order to save their lives. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Simon, who was called Thassi; VERSE 9. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. VERSE 34. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem. the Torah. That is, they covered over their circumcision. And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. Instead, we have an early, pre-Christian, Greek translation full of Hebrew idioms. Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. Proverbs 16:18. (2) 1 Maccabees 1:11-16:24: History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC. 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . He wrote in the post-independence Hasmonean kingdom, probably during the reign of High Priest John Hyrcanus (reigned ~134104 BC), with a few scholars suggesting that early in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (reigned 10376 BC) is also a possibility. were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). View all posts by todd. Why do you think the story of the Maccabees remains so important for Jews even today? The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. the hundred and forty and fifth year. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. VERSE 35. When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. 12:1-23). VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. . The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. hanged their babes about their necks. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. a place of exercise. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. 1 Maccabees covers this entire 40-year period. [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! In any case, the name later came to be used for Judah's brothers as as a family name, as well as to each of the books of "Maccabee. The books had separate authors. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Antiochus makes Judaism illegal. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. VERSE 1. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. the hundred and thirty and seventh year. And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. The Writer gives his final summary. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . VERSE 58. He will make a firm covenant with many for one week. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. VERSE 28. The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). The festival of Hanukkah is instituted (1 Macc. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. for the first and 124 B.C. And Alexander reigned twelve years, and he died. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. It includes such fundamental texts as that which states that God created all thingsex nihilo, out of nothing, not out of things which existed (7:28), and those which make it clear that the sacrifice of martyrs is a voluntary form of atonement which placates Gods anger (7:36, 8:5). Greece. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. There is a faithful remnant. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. Below is the article summary. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. VERSE 19. The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. They establish a gymnasium, where men socialized in the nude. Read more . Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. VERSE 51. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek . Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . That is, about 170 BC. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. 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