There are panel paintings of Pole in the following churches: There are stained glass windows of Pole in the following churches: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Despite such evidence of royal favor, it is likely that More chafed at his service to the king. He wore many hats: chief diplomat, speechwriter, advisor. When Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, Mary, Margaret Pole was asked to be one of the godmothers. In 1537, after the split from the Roman Catholic Church proclaimed by Henry VIII, Pope Paul II created Reginald Pole who, though he had studied theology extensively and served the church, had not been ordained a priest Archbishop of Canterbury, and assigned Pole to organize efforts to replace Henry VIII with a Roman Catholic government. Henry VIIIs later statements to the contrary, his marriage to Katharine began happily and continued so for some years. Under interrogation, Geoffrey said that his eldest brother, Lord Montagu, and the Marquess had been parties to his correspondence with Reginald. Susan Higginbotham. In April 1523, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. And the king was not pleased with the young lawyer; he promptly imprisoned Mores father in the Tower until he paid a substantial fine. But not your principles. In some cases, they conspired against the crown while claiming, if it went badly, that their weak female brains had been addled by male influence, and that fragility and brittleness allowed their trust to be easily abused. His choice was Jane Colt, the eldest daughter of a gentleman farmer. Soon, young Edward, a potential York claimant to the throne, was moved to the Tower of London. And the king was now newly enamored of a young noblewoman called Anne Boleyn. He moved into the Carthusian monastery adjoining Lincolns Inn and participated in the monks way of life as much as he could, while still pursuing his legal career. Margaret would have been too young to remember her mother, and it is likely that she was brought up within her fathers princely household, then after his execution lived with her cousins, the many daughters of Edward IV. We do know that he tried in vain to support the kings position. Reginald Pole, (born March 3, 1500, Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, Eng.died Nov. 17, 1558, London), English prelate who broke with King Henry VIII over Henry's antipapal policies and later became a cardinal and a powerful figure in the government of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Tudor. Henry VII had controlled them first while her brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he later confiscated them after his trial. In May 1515, More was sent to Bruges as part of a delegation arranged by Wolsey to revise an Anglo-Flemish commercial treaty. He was knighted in 1521, became speaker of the House of Commons in 1523, and earned the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Cromwell was an astute politician whose beliefs changed at the whim of his royal master. Her many fortified houses and castles, the number of tenants she could turn out, the belligerent propaganda from abroad all these brought the whole family into deep suspicion. Mores piety was the defining aspect of his character; even as the circumstances of his life changed, it remained constant and unyielding. His resignation was at first not accepted. For Mores part, he undoubtedly appreciated his second wifes superb housekeeping skills for they allowed him the freedom to pursue his increasingly successful career. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. His brother came to the throne in 1509 as Henry VIII, married the widowed Catherine, and in a first flush of goodwill began to repair the damage to Margarets fortunes. He never explicitly courted controversy, but he felt compelled to answer the reformers such as William Tyndale. Her heads. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. Higginbotham is more comfortable with biography, but this has not deterred her publisher from dressing up her new book like a historical novel of the type she doesnt much like, with a moody wash of colour and a woman with trailing skirts and half a head. They were charged with treason. BORN: 1473. Nor make one step, as you shall see; Her daughter Ursula married the Duke of Buckingham's son, Henry Stafford, but after the Duke's fall, the couple were given only fragments of his estates. But he could not recognize the kings authority as head of the new church of England. But Margaret Pole, one of the great magnates of Tudor England, is not overlooked. It was the king who had paid for Reginalds education at Oxford and later in Italy, where his noble connections gave him the entre into the smartest humanist circles. In 1541, Margaret was executed, protesting that she had not taken part in any conspiracy and proclaiming her innocence. She served later as a governess to Mary. Because the main executioner[17] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". Intellectuals from England and Europe visited; More was a generous and kind host. Chapuys suggested to Emperor Charles V that Reginald marry Mary and combine their dynastic claims. Born on the 14th August 1473, she went on to marry Sir Richard Pole in 1491. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. The new king married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. Please change your browser settings to allow Javascript content to run. Basically, they disliked and mistrusted one another. Cardinal Wolsey and the king needed no further reason to bring More into the kings service. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. [6] . Her mother was one of the greatest heiresses of her time while her father was the younger brother of King Edward IV of England. Now he decided to seriously test his religious convictions. Mortons tax philosophy was a marvel of inescapable logic: If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability, he can afford to give generously to the King. She began to write for the. Art and science The German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints King Henry VIII. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. Henrys adult opponents were dead or driven abroad. Credit: PjrWindows / Alamy Stock Photo. This discovery resulted in removal of Mores books and writing materials. Margaret was not executed with her eldest son, but was held in the Tower for the last years of her life the king paying her bills, outfitting her as became a great lady in furred petticoats and a satin nightgown. And when the English clergy were forced to acknowledge Henry as the supreme head of their church, More attempted to resign his office. Based in North Carolina, Higginbotham is a lawyer by background and has written several historical novels, spanning different eras. Katheryn Howard was fortunate. Was the family sincere in deploring his disloyalty? And he was well-connected enough to later secure his sons appointment as household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV, at the Battle of Barnet. We do not know. A Bill of Attainder disinherited Margaret and her younger brother, Edward, and removed them from the line of succession. The nun sought out eminent supporters, especially those who, like Margaret and like Gertrudes husband, had a claim to the throne, and pressed on them the contents of her visions: unless he went back to his wife and to Rome, Henry would expire in torments. Henry VIII was a Catholic ruler, and enjoyed friendly relations with the papacy until he sought to divorce Katharine. Their destruction came with a wave of arrests in the autumn of 1538. She was by necessity hostile to the Catholic church. After Richard III seized the throne, he sent Margaret to Yorkshire with her brother. And why such an obvious and clumsy admission? He lived in relative poverty, for he held no office and relied solely upon the hundred pounds per annum he collected from a property rental. Most aristocratic women outlived their husbands, and once a woman was widowed she was able to assert her independence and have a say in her family affairs, while cultivating the trope of the defenceless widow in any dealings with the authorities. [1] He was the son of Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Katherine Wingfield . But no one could be sure they were dead, and not escaped abroad, or living under assumed names. by Susan Higginbotham. As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolizing Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the king's Roman Catholic daughter, Mary. Biography. Margarets uncle Richard of Gloucester became king in 1483 as Richard III, and reinforced young Margaret and Edwards exclusion from the line of succession. During her time in prison, Cromwell himself was executed. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. Whatever her private feelings at this point, in public she was pragmatic and circumspect. Anne was the anointed queen. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. As part of the investigations into the so-called Exeter Conspiracy, Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538. Sir Thomas de la Pole was born circa 1378. Margaret's third son, Reginald Pole, studied abroad in Padua. More had already begun writing his History of King Richard III as well; it is considered the first masterpiece of English history and is wholly pro-Tudor. A Professional theme for architects, construction and interior designers The Execution of a Duke. In Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473-1541, Hazel Pierce was unable to corroborate Richard Morisyne's assertion that as a young widow Margaret Pole made her home with the other Bridgettine nuns at Syon abbey.However, the household accounts of Lady Margaret Beaufort (held at St. John's College, Cambridge) reveal that this was indeed the case, recording payments to her from . But for the rest of his reign Henry VII would be plagued by pretenders, persistently rising from the dead. The relationship between the King and Margaret wavered a bit in 1518 when Henry repossessed some of her Salisbury lands saying they belonged to the duchy of Somerset. Pierces book is thorough and scholarly, and her work is acknowledged in Higginbothams biography, which is less detailed, but serious and judicious. Six months later, Cromwell produced a tunic marked with the wounds of Christ, claiming it had been found in that search, and used that to arrest Margaret, though most doubt that. His decision to become a lay Christian now made, More quickly married. Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward.[4]. On 18 February 1478, aged 28, George, Duke of Clarence, brother to the King of England, was executed. He badgered Katharine ceaselessly. Henry needed a son and heir. Besides Ursula, four of Margarets children lived to adulthood. Richard III sent the children to Sheriff Hutton Castle in Yorkshire. Ultimately, they would both become martyrs of their faith (though this show is not likely . He had once served under Wolsey and knew More well. She also had restored to her the title to the Earldom of Salisbury. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIIIs tyranny. The sons of Edward IV, 11 and 13 years old, had been held in the Tower by their uncle Richard III, and last been seen by Londoners in the summer of 1483. 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There wasn't any "relationship" as such. He later studied at . Family solidarity, the code of survival, did not mean much to Reginald, brought up under an alien roof; if he were to lose his earthly family, he said, he would still have the fellowship of the saints in paradise. Not only did this mean that Margaret came of royal stock, but it meant that she came from the family that was historically opposed to the reign of the Tudors, a fact that would affect her throughout her life. She was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1886 as a martyr.Occupation:Lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, manager of her estates as Countess of Salisbury.Dates:August 14, 1473 May 27, 1541Also known as: Margaret of York, Margaret Plantagenet, Margaret de la Pole, Countess of Salisbury, Margaret Pole the Blessed. Born 14 August 1473, Margaret was one of the few Plantagenets who had survived the Wars of the Roses She was the mother of . Abstract. Susan Higginbothams carefully written book comes with a misleading cover puff: At last, a biography of one of the most fascinating women of the Tudor period, who has too long been overlooked. It was five years after the likely date of Margarets marriage that her first son was born. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. Columbus, Ohio Area. 28 Little Russell Street Today we know Sir Thomas More primarily as the author of Utopia, and as one of the more famous martyrs of Henry VIIIs reign. The Bishop of Rochester John Fisher is executed on the same charge. Margaret Poles death, notoriously, was not a clean end. Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford the daughter of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole. His name was on the attainder and he was brought before the Privy Council in February 1534. She was cousin to Henry VIII's mother, and well trusted by the king for years. Margaret Pole was a pretty tough and clinical woman. He read anything and everything he could find on the subject. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. Hilary Mantel. The governors of Lincoln admired him enough to appoint him lecturer on law for three consecutive years. This was partly due to Mores intellectual prominence; he was perhaps the most famous Englishman on the continent, with a wide and varied correspondence. When Reginald was seven, and Margaret a widow with an uncertain future, she sent him to be educated at Sheen with the monks of the Charterhouse. Did she plot against the crown? https://www.thoughtco.com/margaret-pole-tudor-matriarch-and-martyr-3530618 (accessed March 1, 2023). When he later built his Great House in Chelsea, its rooms were specifically designed to encourage quiet study and prayer. Mary's household was broken up at the end of the year, and Margaret asked to serve Mary at her own cost, but was not permitted. In this first biography of a significant female figure in the male-dominated world of British Tudor politics, Hazel Pierce reconsiders the life and martyrdom of Catholic duchess Margaret Pole against the changing social and political landscape of her times. He was a brilliant scholar of the Renaissance who died rather than betray the Catholic church. Margaret's mother died when she was three; her father had two servants killed when he thought they had poisoned her. Margarets husband Richard died in 1504, leaving her with five young children and very little land or money. Known for:Her family connections to wealth and power, which at some times of her life meant she wielded wealth and power, and at other times meant she was subject to great risks during great controversies. When her husband died in 1505, Margaret became a widow with five children. Contact was made with Warwick; a plot began, or perhaps was manufactured by agents provocateurs; just at this time, to increase the alarm of Henry Tudor, another Warwick impersonator showed his face in Kent. Her first son, Henry Pole, was created Baron Montagu, another of the Neville titles, speaking for the family in the House of Lords. 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Yet even as his legal future seemed assured, More was deeply conflicted about his future. Reginald was present at the treaty negotiations. According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could. [15][16], On the morning of 28 May 1541, Margaret was told she was to die within the hour. [12] In May 1536, Reginald finally and definitively broke with the king. Name: Thomas More. But Margaret kept any dissident thoughts to herself, avoiding jeopardy until, in the summer of 1536, the actions of her son Reginald plunged her whole family into trouble. This is what Margaret is now, besides paper and ink, and the ruins of her palaces: pieces of breastbone and pelvis, a single finger bone and four vertebrae. The accounts differ slightly; Marillac's report, dispatched two days afterwards, recorded that the execution took place in a corner of the Tower with so few people present that, in the evening, news of her execution was doubted. Her second son, Arthur Pole, had a generally successful career as a courtier, becoming one of the six Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. When Margaret was only four years old, her father was killed in the Tower of London where he was imprisoned for rebelling again against his brother, Edward IV; rumor was that he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. Birth date: February 7, 1478. The axe hit her shoulder instead of her neck, and she escaped the guards and ran around screaming as the executioner chased her with the axe. More would have to either acknowledge the kings spiritual supremacy and marriage to Anne Boleyn, or he would die. This More was fully prepared to do. Such was his reputation that the the great universities Oxford and Cambridge made him high steward. And her gender did not necessarily disqualify her from becoming leader of the opposition if that was what she chose. Margaret, wife of Sir William Harington. Eustace Chapuys, the imperial ambassador, recorded the Countess's execution in a letter to the Queen of Hungary: She would have been a widow when the portrait was painted, but she holds a sprig of honeysuckle, symbol of love and marriage. He had an illegitimate son, called Henry Fitzroy, by one of his early mistresses. It took many blows to finally kill her and this botched execution was itself remembered and, for some, considered a sign of martyrdom. To that end, he spent the next three years in study and prayer, wearing a hair shirt next to his skin (a practice he never abandoned), and struggling to reconcile his genuine religious fervor with the demands of the outside world. European rulers keen to destabilise England had promoted the claims of this plausible, glamorous young man, but by the summer of 1498 he was in the Tower, about to embark on the last act of his mysterious life. Fortunately for the old cardinal, he died before the king could kill him. Meanwhile, time was passing and a king used to instant obedience was determined to wait no longer. But eventually the break between the king and his chief minister could not be ignored. There is an apocryphal story that Morton predicted his bright and lively page would grow into a marvelous man. Richard Pole held a variety of offices in Henry VII's government, the highest being Chamberlain for Arthur, Prince of Wales, Henry's elder son. Her life, marked by stunning reversals of fortune, is an irresistible subject, but it presents a familiar difficulty for the historian. 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