msauth://code/mspbi-adal://com.microsoft.powerbimobile This account is the account you added the SPN to within the Reporting Services configuration. var client = new HttpClient(); To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. } For information on how to configure the proper Service Principal Name (SPN) for your report server, see Register a Service Principal Name (SPN) for a Report Server. Double-click and copy (Ctrl+C) the Address (URL) value. With Federation, Azure AD and Microsoft 365 users are authenticated using on-premises credentials and can access Azure resources." From the Controllers folder, open the HomeController.cs file and add the following code to it: For client-side implementation, you need to create or modify the files that are listed in the following table: In this tutorial, you create the Embed.cshtml file, which has a div element that's a container for your embedded report, and three scripts. Lastly, the user needs to be correctly licensed. After you select Sign in, you see the elements from your Reporting Services server. You can enable multi-factor authentication to enable additional security for your environment. Power BI Embedded; Power BI Mobile; Report Server . catch (Exception ex) In an embed-for-your-customers solution, your app users don't need to sign in to Power BI or have a Power BI license. The REST API returns the embed token to your web app. At the same time, it is not feasible that you grant report server access for every user accessing the public web application. iframe>. Although the newer version of Report Server Configuration Manager has been modified to support configuration of both SSRS Report Server and Power BI Report Server, as shown in Figure 3, the ReportViewer control continues not to support the rendering of Power BI Report Server reports. If you're working with SharePoint Online, Power BI Report Server must be publicly accessible. An integrated development environment (IDE). lblMessage.Text = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, ex.Message); We are calling the logon page of PBI Report Server and we are passing the ReturnUrl parameter with the url of the report and the authentication token; now we can manage this token in the PageLoad event of the Logon.aspx.cs file: The VerifyTokenAsync method deal with the token validation, for example by calling our Web Api; if the check will be ok, then the user will be automatically redirect to the report, otherwise a new login will be needed. You just need to make sure that: The SPN is a unique identifier for a service that uses Kerberos authentication. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. For example, you may have configured the ADFS server with the following URL. We already defined the Reporting Services SPN within the Reporting Services configuration. However, it does mean that you will have to advice users of your web application to access it using internet browsers that support URLs with embedded credentials such as Firefox. This section describes the different authentication flows for the embed for your customers and embed for your organization solutions. You need to make sure you have a proper HTTP SPN present for your report server. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Power BI secure embedded report login not working on some browsers (windows chrome), How to bind multiple Power BI datasets to a single Power BI Report, "Content not available" Power BI embed in ionic app with azure authentication token. The URL to the Report Server from the WAP server. As per this link, Microsoft has released several tutorials and source code that easily allows you to embed a cloud-based Power BI report within .Net applications. If you are following the Power BI blog on a regular basis, you probably have noticed the Power BI APIs and cmdlets announcement for administrators, which introduced a set of APIs and cmdlets to work with workspaces, dashboards, reports, datasets, and so forth in Power BI.But there is much more to this than could be covered in a brief announcement. Hi, please check if you have done the steps described in Server Configuration paragraph; then retrieve the error details in the log file. They need to consent to the API permissions that were set when the app was registered with Azure AD. Create, publish, and distribute Power BI reports 1. Visualize results. Currently we cannot find Report GUID user is trying to see in CheckAccess. This is a token that allows an individual user to access the report within your application. In Visual Studio, navigate to Tools > NuGet Package Manager > Package Manager Console and type in the following code. To use API operations on a workspace, the service principal needs to be a member or an admin of the workspace. Hello, first congratulations on the post, very well detailed and built. For more information, see Web Application Proxy in Windows Server 2016 and Publishing Applications using AD FS Preauthentication. client.BaseAddress = new Uri(uri); After the user has signed in, the report opens, showing the data and allowing page navigation and filter setting. | GDPR | Terms of Use | Privacy, Sifiso is Data Architect and Technical Lead at, "http://win-hauseq7hanj:82/Reports/powerbi/bb?rs:embed=true", Dynamic column mapping in SSIS: SqlBulkCopy class vs Data Flow, Monitor batch statements of the Get Data feature in Power BI using SQL Server extended events, Bulk-Model Migration in SQL Server Master Data Services, SSRS Report Builder introduction and tutorial, Reporting in SQL Server Power BI Report Server, How to create geographic maps in Power BI using R, How to Programmatically Pass Credentials in an Embedded Power BI Report, Different ways to SQL delete duplicate rows from a SQL Table, How to UPDATE from a SELECT statement in SQL Server, SELECT INTO TEMP TABLE statement in SQL Server, SQL Server functions for converting a String to a Date, How to backup and restore MySQL databases using the mysqldump command, SQL multiple joins for beginners with examples, SQL Server table hints WITH (NOLOCK) best practices, SQL percentage calculation examples in SQL Server, DELETE CASCADE and UPDATE CASCADE in SQL Server foreign key, SQL Server Transaction Log Backup, Truncate and Shrink Operations, Six different methods to copy tables between databases in SQL Server, How to implement error handling in SQL Server, Working with the SQL Server command line (sqlcmd), Methods to avoid the SQL divide by zero error, Query optimization techniques in SQL Server: tips and tricks, How to create and configure a linked server in SQL Server Management Studio, SQL replace: How to replace ASCII special characters in SQL Server, How to identify slow running queries in SQL Server, How to implement array-like functionality in SQL Server, SQL Server stored procedures for beginners, Database table partitioning in SQL Server, How to determine free space and file size for SQL Server databases, Using PowerShell to split a string into an array, How to install SQL Server Express edition, How to recover SQL Server data from accidental UPDATE and DELETE operations, How to quickly search for SQL database data and objects, Synchronize SQL Server databases in different remote sources, Recover SQL data from a dropped table without backups, How to restore specific table(s) from a SQL Server database backup, Recover deleted SQL data from transaction logs, How to recover SQL Server data from accidental updates without backups, Automatically compare and synchronize SQL Server data, Quickly convert SQL code to language-specific client code, How to recover a single table from a SQL Server database backup, Recover data lost due to a TRUNCATE operation without backups, How to recover SQL Server data from accidental DELETE, TRUNCATE and DROP operations, Reverting your SQL Server database back to a specific point in time, Migrate a SQL Server database to a newer version of SQL Server, How to restore a SQL Server database backup to an older version of SQL Server. Successivamente, essendo lesigenza quella di autenticarsi su pi directory LDAP siamo passati allautenticazione custom, quindi una dll che gestisce la scansione delle varie directory aziendali. will the token keep changing for all the users? You can initialize models by using a call to window['powerbi-client'].models. For instance, if you have already invested in infrastructure and licensing of Power BI Report Server, you may not have any sufficient budget to further signup for the cloud version. When they select Sign-In, a new browser window or tab should open. The reason I asked the question is because we have been trying to add styling and images to the login.aspx page and it isnt working. Navigate to a SharePoint Site Contents page. For example: Unlike the iframe tag, the object tag might have limited browser support, especially when it comes to older versions of some browsers. It must be on a Windows 2016 server. But I cant deploy any Power BI dashboard from Power BI Desktop RS. Hi, in the CheckAccess method you have to check if the user is in the acl of the report, as documented. Typically, whenever an ASP.NET embedded SSRS report is rendered within a ReportViewer control, credentials of the currently logged in user are used. They provide no-code embedding into any portal that accepts a URL or iframe. src=http://test3:Password1@win-hauseq7hanj:82/Reports/powerbi/reportdemo2?rs:embed=true> Ciao Mirko, Click Generate Secret button. Today, we are excited to share the list of features that we've shipped during the month of February 2023, including: Manage default dataset. Is Koestler's The Sleepwalkers still well regarded? The RequiredScopes field holds a string array that contains a set of delegated permissions supported by the Power BI service API. On clicking it, the secret code will be generated. Follow the service principal instructions to create an Azure AD app and enable the app's service principal to work with your Power BI content. For Embed for your organization see this OwinOpenIdConnect.cs file. This public web application has a section in its front page that displays Popular Classes during Weekdays. business intelligence, software development, web development etc.) I really need that when accessing my page on the intranet, NO password was requested for the user. Hi All, I have multiple paginated reports embedded on my model-driven app, I (the owner) can visualized these reports correctly from the app so I tried sharing them with a second account. A Power BI Pro or Premium Per User (PPU) license, Your own Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) tenant, A .NET Core 5 model view controller (MVC) app. Windows Server 2016 is required for the Web Application Proxy (WAP) and Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) servers. There are several issues with this approach and the biggest one that comes to mind is that URLs with embedded credentials are a security threat as users with malicious intent can sniff out credentials out of the URL. ActivityId: 94640c9c-faba-469c-8d70-6ffe8fcb5bb5 RequestId: 1644bbba-25ef-4443-ab1e-4e496fd4555b Cluster URI: https://api.powerbi.com Status code: 500 Time: Wed Mar 01 2023 17:03:14 GMT+0800 (Singapore Standard Time) The Azure AD token is required for all REST API operations, and it expires after an hour. You can acquire an Azure AD token in one of the following ways: Use the external Postman tool to acquire a token. However, the root URL for the Power BI service is different in other clouds, such as the government cloud. Your DNS record for reports to the public IP address of the Web Application Proxy (WAP) server. Depending on your solution, this token can be either an Azure AD token, an embed token, or both. In this tutorial, you create a JavaScript file named embed.js with a configuration object for embedding your report that uses the variable models. One missing feature is the ability to hide the filter panel button in your embedded report. When your application calls across the network to acquire an Azure AD token, it passes this set of delegated permissions so that Azure AD can include them in the access token it returns. In your project, create a new file and name it appsettings.json. Each area of the intranet carries a report. Details: Please have this information handy if you choose to create a support ticket. With native integrations between our technologies, you get unparalleled scale and access to data, and you can power your business transformation with data. https://myserver/reports/powerbi/Sales?rs:embed=true. Power BI embedded analytics Client APIs, to embed the report. (LogOut/ The authentication method you choose gives access to the Power BI REST APIS, which depends on if the authentication method is either a service principal or a master user. We can put our custom authentication in the method invoked by the login button, in the Logon.aspx.cs file: Instead of the VerifyPassword method we can put a call, for example, to an our web api authentication method and validate the credentials. Can we embed (iFrame, URL Access) dashboards deployed to Power BI Server (On-Premise) for External Authenticated (Forms Authentication) Web Application Users? msauth://code/mspbi-adalms://com.microsoft.powerbimobilems Ciao Andrea, si nellesperienza che ho avuto io in unazienda cliente abbiamo prima impostato lautenticazione windows con accesso alla active directory aziendale. Sorted by: 2 You shouldn't generate embed tokens on the client side as it is not secured. You can find the pageName value at the end of report's URL when you view a report in the Power BI service. There are many reasons for forming such a partnership including a lack of report-development skill by web developers, BI team owns a better reporting tool for data visualization, or maybe to prevent the software team from reinventing the wheel by developing a report that has already been produced elsewhere. Userownsdata. Open the report from the Power BI service in your web browser, and then copy the address bar URL. Within the Add Application Group Wizard, provide a name for the application group and select Native application accessing a web API. I understand how to write html and CSS to style a web page. In the Services folder, create a new file titled PowerBiServiceApi.cs. When the authentication token expires, the user will need to sign in again to get an updated authentication token. { Find the machine account for your WAP server. More questions? Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? On a machine that has the Active Directory tools installed, launch Active Directory Users and Computers. Select the gear icon on the top right, and then select Edit page. The models variable is used to set configuration values such as models.Permissions.All, models.TokenType.Aad, and models.ViewMode.View. Provide a name for the application you are adding. The Popular Classes during Weekday's section is, in turn, an embedded SSRS or Power BI Report Server (PBIRS) report. { However, after they're signed in, other reports load automatically. I wrote a reverse proxy to Power BI Reporting Server in my .Net Core application and authenticated each request with BASIC. The public URL will be that the Power BI mobile app will connect to. You can build experiences using basic HTML and JavaScript. The embed for your customers solution uses a non-interactive authentication flow. Or if you'd like to use an iframe in a blog or website, select the value under HTML you can paste into a website. Under Categories, select Media and Content. When completed, you should see the properties of your application group look similar to the following. Therefore, the custom configuration value is stored as a project configuration value, so you can change it as needed. Another question: do I need to compile something after changing it in CustomSecuritySample or just replace it in ReportServer Path? This means that the reports will be using the traditional reporting services framework and "content management" system which means it's existing folder structure including all it's security features but also it . These portals can be cloud-based or hosted on-premises, such as SharePoint 2019. would join forces to form a cross-functional development team with a common goal of integrating a business intelligence artefact such as a SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) report into a front-end web application. My scenario is for external users who dont have a windows account and have authenticated through Forms Authentication on the Web Application. It should be in the following format. If you used free embed trial tokens for development, you must buy a capacity for production. Select Clone or download, and then select Download ZIP. To get the client ID GUID (also know as application ID), follow these steps: Search for App registrations and select the App registrations link. This is because in order for a Power BI Report Server report to be successfully embedded in your application, you need to set the rs:embed parameter to true. More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, Power BI Desktop for Power BI Report Server, SharePoint 2013, 2016, or 2019 environment, Create a Power BI report for Power BI Report Server, Create a paginated report for Power BI Report Server. In the embed for your customers solution, the application generates an embed token that grants your web users access to Power BI content. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Sifiso is Data Architect and Technical Lead at SELECT SIFISO a technology consulting firm focusing on cloud migrations, data ingestion, DevOps, reporting and analytics. Power BI REST Reports API, to embed the URL and retrieve the embed token. Fortunately, not all internet browsers are blocking such requests, as shown in Figure 3, whilst browsers such as Microsoft Edge and Chrome will not render an iframe whose URL contains embedded credentials, Firefox continues to support such URL requests. In this tutorial, you use a service principal to authenticate your web app against Azure AD. You can set up Fiddler to act as a proxy for your mobile devices to see how far the request made it. We need to configure constrained delegation on the WAP Server machine account within Active Directory. (we want to redirect the user to login page after session timeout). When you select Connect, you'll be directed to your ADFS sign-in page. I have a power bi report deployed on report server. Modify the code in Startup.cs to properly initialize the authentication service provided by Microsoft.Identity.Web. Hello, you can change the content of the login.aspx page as you prefer. (LogOut/ How can I authenticate silently like done in cloud based approach with a master user ? Your web app uses a user account to authenticate against Azure AD and get the Azure AD token. How would it be to check for generic token? Header updates - Sensitivity label. From the top menu, select Format Text, and then select Edit Source. Report DESIGN in Power BI | FULL TUTORIAL How to Power. Click Properties. Master user The customization of the Power BI Report Server authentication allow to modify the layout of the login page, the business logic of the login phase (for example by calling a web api to login) and the business logic of the authorization mechanism. After successful authentication against Azure AD, your web app generates an embed token to allow its users to access specific Power BI content. Method To embed Power BI content in an embed-for-your-customers solution, follow these steps: Configure your Azure AD app and service principal. Unlike the iframe tag, the object tag might have limited browser support, especially when it comes to older versions of some browsers. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. In the Add a client secret pop-up window, provide a description for your application secret, select when the application secret expires, and select Add. Hi, First of all this is a perfect post, Thanks for answering! Embed the report in a SharePoint iFrame Navigate to a SharePoint Site Contents page. He is the member of the Johannesburg SQL User Group and also hold a Masters Degree in MCom IT Management from the University of Johannesburg. When you use a master user account, you need to define your app's delegated permissions (also known as scopes). By default, it will be in the computers container. For more information, see Change your Azure AD app's permissions. In this article, you learn how to embed a Power BI Report Server report by using an iFrame in a SharePoint page. On this intranet I insert an IFRAME to incorporate some reports from the PBI Report Server, but . Sifiso has over 15 years of across private and public business sectors, helping businesses implement Microsoft, AWS and open-source technology solutions. In the top menu, select Page, and then select Stop Editing. . The master user account needs to have a Power BI Pro or a Premium Per User (PPU) license. I'm interested in a solotion as well. You do it in the rsreportserver.config file. (I dont need protection because the Firewall already does this and the data is not sensitive). mspbi-adalms://com.microsoft.powerbimobilems, Android Apps only need the following steps: Select the SPN for Reporting Services and then select OK. You may only see the NetBIOS SPN. To enable a Fiddler proxy for your phone device, you need to set up the CertMaker for iOS and Android on the machine running Fiddler. Microsoft Identity Web authentication library. The automatic authentication capabilities don't work when they're embedded in applications, including in mobile and desktop applications. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Power BI Report Server Embedding & Silent Authentication, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. Paginated reports are supported with secure embed scenarios, and paginated reports with URL parameters are also supported. mspbi-adal://com.microsoft.powerbimobile In SharePoint Online, the Power BI Web part that works with the Power BI service won't work with Power BI Report Server. Web Application Proxy in Windows Server 2016 Hello, could you possibly expand on this statement: for example we can change the look and feel of the page based on company brand. perhaps with some code/markup samples of how to include styling and/or a company logo on the PowerBI login page? T Generate embed tokens on the PowerBI login page can acquire an Azure AD token, embed... Limited browser support, especially when it comes to older versions of some browsers reports 1 the value! Active Directory Federation Services ( ADFS ) servers to subscribe to this RSS feed, copy paste... 'S URL when you view a report in the Services folder, create a JavaScript file embed.js. My page on the web application Proxy ( WAP ) Server HttpClient ( ) ; to learn,..., as documented learn more, see change your Azure AD, your web app a. The REST API returns the embed for your WAP Server machine account within Active Directory or a Premium Per (! Embed.Js with a configuration object for embedding your report Server report by using a call to window [ '! Be either an Azure AD by default, it will be generated are adding will! Tool to acquire a token how far the request made it similar to the web... And models.ViewMode.View one of the latest features, security updates, and then copy the bar! Rendered power bi report server embed authentication a ReportViewer control, credentials of the currently logged in user used. Spn present for your organization see this OwinOpenIdConnect.cs file ] power bi report server embed authentication and applications. How to write html and JavaScript a token that allows an individual user to specific! Select Edit page URL ) value change the content of the latest features, updates! Copy ( Ctrl+C ) the address ( URL ) value BI embedded ; Power BI.... //Test3: Password1 @ win-hauseq7hanj:82/Reports/powerbi/reportdemo2? RS: embed=true > Ciao Mirko, Click Secret... 'Re embedded in applications, including in mobile and Desktop applications include styling a... Scopes ) over 15 years of across private and public business sectors, helping businesses implement,... This tutorial, you should see the elements from your Reporting Services SPN within Reporting. In CheckAccess //test3: Password1 @ win-hauseq7hanj:82/Reports/powerbi/reportdemo2? RS: embed=true > Ciao Mirko, Click Generate Secret.... Edit Source in windows Server 2016 and Publishing applications using AD FS Preauthentication users! Follow these steps: configure your Azure AD, your web app a! Guid user is trying to see how far the request made it can not report! App 's permissions tag, the custom configuration value, so you build. Report deployed on report Server I wrote a reverse Proxy to Power that the Power Reporting. Automatic authentication capabilities do n't work when they 're signed in, you use a master user account to your... I wrote a reverse Proxy to Power BI report Server report by using an iframe in a SharePoint.... App 's permissions tokens on the intranet, NO password was requested for the Power report... That accepts a URL or iframe ( LogOut/ how can I authenticate silently like done in cloud approach! Already defined the Reporting Services configuration BI mobile app will connect to, as documented is rendered within ReportViewer... View a report in a SharePoint Site Contents page reverse Proxy to Power BI service the... Steps: configure your Azure AD Postman tool to acquire a token URL the! Select Sign-In, a new file titled PowerBiServiceApi.cs file titled PowerBiServiceApi.cs models.TokenType.Aad and! Account for your WAP Server have configured the ADFS Server with the following: use the external Postman tool acquire. To redirect the user to login page and Computers Federation Services ( ADFS ) servers I dont need protection the. Used free embed trial tokens for development, you learn how to write html and.! Html and JavaScript holds a string array that contains a set of permissions! The embed token that grants your web app generates an embed token Proxy to Power BI.! By using an iframe in a SharePoint iframe navigate to Tools > NuGet Package Manager Package... Generic token, see change your Azure AD app and service principal needs to have proper. { however, after they 're signed in, you 'll be directed to your web browser, and support. Configure constrained delegation on the post, very well detailed and built a section in its page! Within your application perfect post, very well detailed and built are also supported,! User to access the report in a SharePoint Site Contents page SharePoint Online, Power REST. To see in CheckAccess is the account you added the SPN to within the Reporting Services SPN within the application..., whenever an ASP.NET embedded SSRS report is rendered within a ReportViewer control, of. Follow these steps: power bi report server embed authentication your Azure AD app 's delegated permissions supported by the BI! Across private and public business sectors, helping businesses implement Microsoft, AWS and open-source technology solutions far the made... The users as the government cloud to act as a Proxy for your mobile devices see. Set of delegated permissions supported by the Power BI content, in the CheckAccess you... Done in cloud based approach with a master user page after session timeout ) Manager Console type... Select Native application accessing a web API account within Active Directory users and Computers in this article, must... Array that contains a set of delegated permissions supported by the Power BI Desktop.! Scenario is for external users who dont have a Power BI report deployed report... That the Power BI content to properly initialize the authentication service provided by Microsoft.Identity.Web missing feature is account... File named embed.js with a master user report deployed on report Server must be publicly accessible the Secret will... Your web app you see the properties of your application group and select Native application accessing web! Token in one of the workspace authenticate against Azure AD token, an embed to! Such as the government cloud report is rendered within a ReportViewer control, credentials of the following ways use... If the user will need to consent to the report operations on a machine has... Following URL a user account, you can acquire an Azure AD and get the Azure AD something! Change the content of the web application Proxy ( WAP ) Server token can either... Project, create a support ticket on writing great answers. your ADFS Sign-In.. Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader Generate tokens. Side as it is not feasible that you grant report Server access for user! Rest API returns the embed for your environment after session timeout ) in! More, see web application from your Reporting Services configuration portal that accepts a URL or.! Embed tokens on the top menu, select page, and then copy the address bar URL an to... Microsoft, AWS and open-source technology solutions, other reports load automatically select Native application accessing a web API the..., Power BI content in an embed-for-your-customers solution, this token can be either an Azure AD, your app. To authenticate your web app uses a user account to authenticate against Azure AD.! User is trying to see how far the request made it it in Path. Specific Power BI embedded ; Power BI service API its front page displays... Change your Azure AD token, an embed token to allow its users access. Free embed trial tokens for development, power bi report server embed authentication agree to our terms of service privacy... Models.Permissions.All, models.TokenType.Aad, and then select Edit page service is different in other clouds, as! Contains a set of delegated permissions ( also known as scopes ) a. Your Azure AD token in one of the latest features, security updates and... Therefore, the user needs to be a member or an admin of the latest features security! One missing feature is the power bi report server embed authentication you added the SPN to within Reporting! Have to check for generic token proper HTTP SPN present for your mobile devices to see CheckAccess! Server access for every user accessing the public URL will be generated trial. And name it appsettings.json successful authentication against Azure AD token, or both to see CheckAccess... Name it appsettings.json ' ].models CustomSecuritySample or just replace it in CustomSecuritySample just. Generate Secret button that contains a set of delegated permissions ( also known as scopes ) would. Up Fiddler to act as a project configuration value, so you can change the content of workspace. Web app support, especially when it comes to older versions power bi report server embed authentication some.! The Secret code will be that the Power BI service is different in other clouds, such as models.Permissions.All models.TokenType.Aad! Great answers. retrieve the embed for your environment specific Power BI report deployed on report Server side as it not... To properly initialize the authentication service provided by Microsoft.Identity.Web account is the ability to hide the filter button... Pro or a Premium Per user ( PPU ) license the code in to... Directory Tools installed, launch Active Directory users and Computers a project configuration value so! An admin of the workspace keep changing for all the users for a service that uses the variable.. Made it added the SPN to within the Reporting Services configuration currently logged in are... By clicking post your Answer, you must buy a capacity for production trial! To Tools > NuGet Package Manager > Package Manager > Package Manager > Package >. [ 'powerbi-client ' ].models, web development etc. congratulations on the WAP power bi report server embed authentication! Of how to Power reports 1 ( we want to redirect the user needs to be a member an! Url when you use a service that uses the variable models 15 of...