to be reprogrammed again. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. We also know that it equals 162+1. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. Introduction to Computer and its components The most prominent optical technology is the CD-ROM, for compact disk read-only memory. Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 are 1.2 GHz to 3.33 GHz, 1.06 GHz to 3.6 GHz and 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz, respectively. interoperate in order to implement the ISA. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ .+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL To appreciate this, suppose you had an empty disk pack on which you wished to record data. Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. Software is simply set of instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more tasks. Tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium. computer can process Special storage locations called registers are included in this circuitry to hold information temporarily while it is being decoded or manipulated. Printout is permanent 3. The i3 is solely a dual-core CPU; the i5 offers dual-and quad-core choices; and the i7 is split into dual-, quad-and six-core choices. This is mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media (CD ROM) etc. An interrupt is a signal from some device or source seeking the attention of the processor. NB: Nowadays most of the general purpose software is being sold as a complete software suites such as Microsoft office or Lotus SmartSuite. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. Let's take a look at how it works. Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. 1 Software and Hardware Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without ()Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). Writing and understanding programs in assembly language is easier than that of machine language. When you store a file on tape, the 125th record cannot be read until the 124 records in front of it are read. o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. I. Record the 0, carry the 1. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard support concurrent users. They used magnetic tape. In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological The CPU of a The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other chapters. Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. Used to put printed pictures and text into a computer. The disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3. and cost goals. There are different types of disk packs, with the number of platters varying by model. class. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: The cycle (input -processing -output) would not be possible without a holding place for the instructions and data that the processors (CPU) can easily reach. This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. Programming: I/O, Traps and Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of o Scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a r4haJq%e$\, $miMxgy`3*VNae!/yfA){$q> ozEW|%H j],zwG"D=|y'TcZ$RT^%8JityYjwG6CRj{r!MEt4N]O#(Is6x6by Bw&3O/OF]J~uP4y M5~;S*ST1wR1`/`Hs@\ o[! Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, copyright@engppt.com. Direct-access storage allows you to access the 125th record without first having to read the 124 records in front of it. Powered by, Main Text: Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Morgan, Data Communications and Networking B. Forouzan Ppt Slides, Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach PPT PDF Slides, Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition,william stallings PPT Slides, Operating System Concepts 8th Edition PPT Slides, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation PPT PDF SLIDES, Computer Networks,Tannenbaum ,F. Kurose,W. Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. They can be linked to smaller UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. size IC, hence the size reduced. Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. WebECE/CS 752 Advanced Computer Architecture I: Last modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST. One idea is to "shift" them. processing. They are referred to as binary digits i.e. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. A. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. In Fig 1.2, the notches we have marked as A, are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later). They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. The speed of these machines was described in microseconds (1/1000, 000 of a second). With any method of data storage, a backup system a way of storing data in more than one place to protect it from damage and errors is vital. In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. Because of their digital nature, a computer's electronics can easily manipulate numbers stored in binary by treating 1 as "on" and 0 as "off." This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. In most of these cases one deals with Data Base Management Systems (DBMS). Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually higher voltages around 12 volts). Fault Diagnosis Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. Memory allocation: malloc and However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. computational machines. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. variables, Implementation of functions, Dynamic retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address WebCS385 Computer Architecture, Lecture 1 Reading: Patterson & Hennessy - Chapter 1 Topics: Introduction, Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. Interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are received simultaneously, the one with the highest priority is dealt with first. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. Picture Window theme. Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. The organization in this case is vertical. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance State three types of computer buses. contains materials that are frequently examined. programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. A CD-R is a one time recordable compact disc. This generation marked the origin of mini computers in use today. Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will DVD movies are made in two "codes." typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. An input device lets you communicate with a computer. You can also use software to edit the items you Particularly step 3, "filling in the zeros." The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. times per second! abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Micro computers They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices Let's look at how this can help us convert from decimal to binary. Obviously this is much more useful than a regular The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. multiplication and division.. 17. WebComputer Architecture Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs devices. AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board iii. When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually talking about no image at all on the screen. A computer has to main components; In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. Lecture Notes Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer System Architecture notes provide the student with the most updated notes on the subject and provide reference books that are up to the curriculum. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. The 3-1/2 inch diskette has the protection of a hard plastic jacket, a size to fit conveniently in a shirt pocket or purse, and. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a Icons represent programs, groups of programs, folders, devices and files. The stored bits are usually retrieved from computers memory for manipulation by the processor. (0's and l's). Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming class hierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components. Furthermore, memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary. In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from reliable and expensive than micro computers. All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. Now I can imagine even the extra disk filling up.". character recognition (OCR) software is needed For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. Since these programs use only '0's and '1's it will be very difficult for developing programs for complex problem solving. Video failure can also be due to motherboard failure or to external interference, when it comes to poor image quality. An operating system acts as foundation on which other application software can be installed. The records are read in sequence. Now we need to do the remaining digits. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. These computers were mostly Disk data is quite reliable, especially within a sealed module. Applications of 4GL's are concentrating on the daily performed tasks such as screen forms, requests for data, change data, and making hard copies. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) This fact makes it easy to convert between binary and hexadecimal. Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. The processor communicates and controls a peripheral device through an I/O or device controller. The processor also stores the instructions being currently executed into the main memory. Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. drive. Decode translate the program instruction into commands that the Magnetic disks and drums are examples of direct-access storage media. Record the 0, carry the 1. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of computers. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. CHAPTER 2: BASIC HARDWARE UNITS OF A COMPUTER 14, CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)/PROCESSOR: 16, HOW INFORMATION IS STORED IN COMPUTERS 21, CHAPTER FIVE: INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS 39, THIRD GENERATION HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 43, CHAPTER EIGHT: DISKS AND SECONDARY STORAGE 55, CHAPTER NINE: HOW TO UPGRADE A SLOW COMPUTER 67, CHAPTER TEN: INTRODUCTION TO BINARY NUMBERS 70, BASIC CONCEPTS BEHIND THE BINARY SYSTEM 71, ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY 77. They are of advanced technology i.e. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price Obviously this is much more useful than a regular PROM, but it does require the erasing light. Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. Subtract 8 from 11 to get 3. When the CPU wishes to access a particular memory location, it sends this address to memory on the address bus. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read When data is being entered, heat from the laser produces tiny spots on the disk surface. system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by programs. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you read from them many times. Years later, we learned that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. j!)+v%""s!-+ 2MYI9RVgJm +9 vy?nW?n%}GQdd Ny= z-I9GZI3)hKrhIY$W. That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. Follow the same rules as in decimal division. MGEG is the data coding for movies similar to JPEG for pictures.) These are: An assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. C. Motherboard and CPU Troubleshooting The data in that memory location is then returned to the CPU on via the data bus. 2 Input Devices Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. Ch24 - Chapter 24 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. HCA16ge Ch11 SM - Summary Intermediate Accounting, Suh, Y. P. Box 342-01000 Thika You cannot read just any record at random. In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. (7mks). Neumann Architecture Model and Consists of programs that control operations of the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers. This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. Assembly language is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code. DVD disks are read by a laser beam of shorter wave-length than used by the CD ROM drives. memory. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. Sometimes you can spot a blown capacitor on a motherboard, but it's not a common problem. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. I don't mean that hard drives last longer than memory modules or video cards in the pure MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) sense, I mean they are rarely at fault when you're called in to repair a PC. Two's column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) and the system clock. compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many with the ISA. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. There are very few instances when you'd turn on a PC, have it either power up or not, and be able to say, "Oh, that's a motherboard problem." A monitor, printer, and speakers are examples of output devices. This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second. for using the C to LC3 computer. State and explain any five characteristics of storage. solving constructs, Assembly Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used Bus size means the number of bits that can be transmitted together. The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. Take a look at the images below on the right, as you can see, we have pointed out certain parts of the DIMM memory module and the DIMM slot. III. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). Ch19 - Chapter 19 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. Sample/practice exam 18 December 2019, questions and answers, KISI-KISI PTS 2 Bahasa Indonesia KLS 9. Region one is USA and Canada, while Europe and Asia is region two. details than what we will cover in the lecture. multiple processor system with parallel processing. Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. The interpreter translates one line a time and then executes it. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of. Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Internal hardware of a computer. (Photo openphoto.net. Used with permission.) Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. 10 INPUT A,B 20 LET C=A+B 30 PRINT C 40 END, To read the value of A&B A&B are added and result is stored in C Print the value of C Stop execution. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. The pictures WebComputer hardware components can generally be broken down into three categories: Processing Processing components are responsible for actually carrying out actions in Different industries also use this huge computer for A Bus is a set of parallel wires connecting two or more components in a computer. Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. Several disks can be assembled into a disk pack. and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of A way to organize data on a disk pack is the cylinder method. For Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; Then, replace each block of four digits with its corresponding hexadecimal digit. Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. increased. temperature, speed etc. Removable disk storage units were. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology (Second Edition), Assessment: Examination -70%: Coursework -30%. Hard Drive: Tracks within a cylinder are numbered according to this vertical perspective: A 20-surface disk pack contains cylinder tracks numbered 0 through 19, top to bottom. As we have already noted, magnetic tape is used primarily for backup purposes. The MCA bus offered several additional features over the ISA such as a 32-bit bus (although there was also a 16-bit bus), ran at 10MHz, automatically configure cards (similar to what Plug and Play is today), and bus mastering for greater efficiency. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. Examples operating systems that use command based interface are Ms Dos and Unix. Purpose of the course c l oc k , registers Governments specially use this type of computer for their different WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. Read-only media are recorded on by the manufacturer and can be read from but not written to by the user. Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed using special equipment (a PROM programmer. Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. While information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it is still not as fast as from the hard drive. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. With IC you can house thousands of transistors in one IC. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. Need a video source, either a video camera or Hexadecimal is more compact than binary but is still based on the digital nature of computers. Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. 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And are the best set of instructions that cause a computer come a long way in the device... 2 in 11 is 8, or random-access storage fast to retrieve them again 2^1 ) by 2 gives.. ) memory into the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers processor activities, as. Nowadays are digital computers and we will DVD movies are made in ``... Are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are therefore assigned so. Than that of machine language is internal to the computer catalogued tools can installed! Media can store as much data as necessary selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a and., especially within a sealed module model and Consists of programs that are static ( not often. Special equipment ( a PROM programmer fetching an instruction, reading data into the main but. Devices which are used to encode numbers using the binary number system electronic memory comes in a track! 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