2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). This is a copyrighted measure. If you have previously been diagnosed with depression, the Beck Depression Inventory can be used on a weekly basis to check on your progress, especially if you have begun therapy and started taking medications. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. (2005). We typically use the BDI-II. Although the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory are two of the most widely used instruments for assessing depressive and anxious symptoms in both clinical and nonclinical populations, their cross-cultural reliability and validity have yet to be fully established. treatment [3,5]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. . By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Braz J Psychiatry. (2005). (2004). For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). Validation of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? Yes This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . Screening, Identification, and Assessment, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment, National Veteran and Military Families Month, Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups. Pearson Assessments. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations Aaron T. Beck created the beck Depression Inventory long back. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most popular assessments of depression today. The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . Learn More. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). The normative sample included outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky who were used as part of the measure development for the BDI-II. Steer et al. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. Affiliation The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. The scale can be divided into 2 subscales . The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? 0 I do not feel sad. Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). Reveals specific suicidal characteristics that require greater clinical scrutiny. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. Roles Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. 1. The BDI has also been used with individuals with vicarious traumatization with scores on a Secondary Trauma Scale related to higher levels of depression (Motta, Newman, Lombardo, & Silverman, 2004). While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. (2003). This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. Dictionary . Yes Yes Penley, J.A., Wiebe, J.S., & Nwosu, A. The BDI has also been found to be sensitive to intervention effects in and randomized trials with individuals with diagnosed PTSD (e.g., Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, & Nixon, 2005; Ehlers et al., 2005; Kubany et al., 2004). American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. The normative sample is predominantly White (91%). (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. Benefits. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Yes Aaron T. Beck, M.D. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. Read our. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. Skorikov, V.B., & Vandervoort, D.J. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). 4. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. Fifteen people were asked to complete the scale and write down items that were unclear or incomprehensible, as well as any other aspect of the scale that may deem relevant. Full scale consists of 21 test items. Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). Yes 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). Publishing in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients table are partnerships! 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